Peter's reforms transformed Russia's military and culture. He established a modern navy and army with Western tactics, a critical edge in the Great Northern War against Sweden. His victory at the Battle of Poltava in 1709 and the subsequent Treaty of Nystad in 1721 gave Russia control of key Baltic territories. Domestically, he forced Westernization, mandating nobles shave their beards and adopt European dress. He centralized government power and introduced a 'Table of Ranks' in 1722, allowing m