Now researchers have measured the first ionization potential of Lr, which reflects the binding energy of the most weakly-bound valence electron in lawrencium’s atomic shell. An international ...

The speeding electrons generate relativistic effects that alter orbital energy levels. Determining first ionization energies experimentally helps to ensure that researchers understand relativistic ...

One of the most important properties influencing the chemical behaviour is the energy ... near the ionization threshold. The observed series of Rydberg states enabled the first determination ...

EI was first developed by Dempster in 1918 2 and can be considered ... reproduced under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. As this low-energy ionization mechanism ...