Molecules show a much increased multiple ionization rate in a strong laser field as compared with atoms of similar ionization energy. A widely accepted model attributes this to the action of the ...

One explanation is small contributions from non-resonant ionization by single photons of twice the energy (red curve in Fig. 1), which account for about 1% of the FLASH photon flux. "These results ...

Now researchers have measured the first ionization potential of Lr, which reflects the binding energy of the most weakly-bound valence electron in lawrencium’s atomic shell. An international ...