The speeding electrons generate relativistic effects that alter orbital energy levels. Determining first ionization energies experimentally helps to ensure that researchers understand relativistic ...

Now researchers have measured the first ionization potential of Lr, which reflects the binding energy of the most weakly-bound valence electron in lawrencium’s atomic shell. An international ...

It is the fifth-lowest first ionization energy in the periodic table. The experiment implies that lawrencium’s outermost electron is very loosely bound, similar to that of the elements in the ...

EI was first developed by Dempster in 1918 2 and can be considered ... reproduced under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. As this low-energy ionization mechanism ...

scientists from the US and Germany reported the observation of a new phenomenon in strong-field laser ionization, namely a very pronounced peak at low energies in the photoelectron kinetic energy ...

During the analysis of NH 3 in H 2 O gas streams, a big issue when trying to detect low NH 3 levels arises due to the spectral overlap between the m/z 17 of both NH 3 and water. The water background ...